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The article presents a detailed synthesis of nanopsychology as a new science, which I proposed in 2006, and modern data on diffuse neuropeptide signaling. In accordance with my programmatic article “About the Nanotechnological Approach to The Brain” (International Journal of Biomed Research, 2023, 2(4), DOI:10.31579/2834-8087/025), all three areas of nanopsychology — natural nanostructures, artificial implanted structures, and external nanomanipulation — are considered as a unified system of influence on neuropeptide networks. Particular attention is paid to the role of artificial intelligence as a tool capable of predicting the structures of brain proteins responsible for the interphase‑emergent processes of generating subjective reality. The mechanisms by which nanointerfaces modulate the slow signals of neuropeptides are analyzed, opening up new horizons for psychotherapy and cognitive enhancement. My foundational works lay the conceptual foundation for nanopsychology. In 2006, at a scientific conference in Kazan on the topic “Man in the Face of a Global Challenge,” organized by the Philosophical Society of Tatarstan, I presented a new science — nanopsychology — and formulated the directions and problems of its research.
The programmatic article “About the Nanotechnological Approach to The Brain” was published in the International Journal of Biomed Research (2023, 2(4), DOI:10.31579/2834-8087/025): https://clinicsearchonline.org/article/about-the-nanotechnological-approach-to-the-brain
In this work of mine, nanopsychology was substantiated as a science studying the correlations between nanostructural transformations of the brain and the mental processes generated by these nanostructural transformations under conditions of “here and now”.
The scientific novelty of nanopsychology lies not in stating the fact that molecular processes influence the psyche, but in discovering the possibility of controlling these nanostructural brain processes in the “here and now” mode, while simultaneously observing how this control affects mental processes. When this possibility is realized, the ambiguity in interpreting the causes of certain mental processes disappears..
In the article “NANOPSYCHOLOGY AS A NEW SCIENCE. NANOPHILOSOPHY AS A NEW WORLDVIEW” (journal “Applied Psychology and Psychoanalysis”, 2012, No. 3, p. 1), I described the prospects for the development of nanopsychology as a science focused on creating artificial neural networks. With the development of nanopsychology, the psyche will evolve under qualitatively new conditions, which will necessitate a re‑examination of the ontological and epistemological issues of philosophy.
Furthermore, as part of the development of nanopsychology, I have developed the theory of the existom — a hypothetical structure that explains the generation of subjective reality. According to this theory, the existom is an integral совокупности of numerous holonomic code structures — the existoma of the brain.
In the work “Existom and nanopsychology: a new theory of the brain” (published on the Federal website of information technologies SECURITYlab.RU, 19.04.2024), I described in detail the mechanism of generating mental content: the resonance of existom under the influence of intentional wave flows emitted by brain structures (thalamus, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus). This resonant interaction gives rise to virtual wave formations — virtions, which are interphase emergent proto‑formations of subjective reality..
In the works “Brain Theory and Nanopsychology: Existom and Self‑Understanding” and “Brain Theory and Nanopsychology: Existom and Self‑Understanding” (published on SECURITYLAB.RU, 13.05.2024) I developed the idea that, thanks to the holonomic nature of the existom, mental contents are preserved even after a significant part of the existom is destroyed. It is the resonant properties of the existom that ensure the high dynamics of mental processes, including recognition processes: Ramil Garifullin. The theory of the brain’s existom as a theory of generating subjective reality: a hypothesis of a new biomedical approach to the brain* | “ClinicSearch: Journal of Biomed Research”:
https://www.clinicsearchonline.org/article/the-theory-of-the-brains-existom-as-a-theory-of-generating-subjective-reality-a-hypothesis-of-a-new-biomedical-approach-to-the-brain
The key question I posed in the article “An artificial intelligence capable of predicting the structures of brain proteins responsible for the interfacial-inter-qualitative emergent processes in the generation of subjective reality?” (SECURITYLAB.RU, 09.10.2024) is: will artificial intelligence ever be able to predict the structures of brain proteins involved in the interphase-emergent processes of generating subjective reality? This question is of fundamental importance: to what extent is the cognitive and epistemological process determined by the structures of brain proteins, and what are the limits of such an information‑biophysical approach?
Modern research shows that neuropeptide signaling represents an evolutionarily ancient form of communication. In a review paper by Leroy F., Gimenez P., Krabichler Q., Grinevich V. “Evolution of neuropeptides: From diffusing molecules to modulators of synaptic transmission” (Progress in Neurobiology, 2020, Volume 262) the authors argue that diffusion through the cerebrospinal fluid and local axonal/dendritic release are complementary mechanisms, with functional specificity determined by the site of release and the distribution of receptors. The biosensors and modern tools being developed make it possible to resolve the spatiotemporal dynamics of peptides and accelerate translational opportunities.
The results of mapping neuropeptide networks deserve special attention. In the work by Ripoll-Sánchez L., Watteyne J., Sun H.S. et al. “The neuropeptidergic connectome of C. elegans” (Nature Neuroscience, 2023) shows that neuropeptide connections in C. elegans exceed synaptic connections in number by more than 10 times, while only 5% of peptide connections coincide with synaptic ones, which indicates the predominantly extrasynaptic nature of peptide communication.
These above‑mentioned points can be used to implement various nanopsychological mechanisms. It is this that we will devote further analysis to.
In the programmatic article “About the Nanotechnological Approach to The Brain” and previous works, I identified three main areas of nanopsychology:
1. Natural nanostructures
This area studies mental processes обусловленные by natural nanostructures of the brain, the nervous and neurohumoral systems. This area is subdivided into the study of:
a) Mental processes обусловленные natural processes in nanostructures (uncontrolled nanostructures). This includes studies of how natural processes at the nanoscale — for example, conformational changes in neuropeptides and their interaction with receptors — correlate with mental states. In the context of diffuse neuropeptide networks, this means studying how natural peptide signals form a “slow” modulatory background against which rapid synaptic processes unfold.
b) Mental processes caused by artificial processes in nanostructures (controlled by the operator of the nanostructure in “here and now” conditions or with a delay). This subfield already предполагает intervention, but through natural brain structures, using their natural mechanisms for controlled influence on the psyche.
2. Artificial implanted structures
This field studies mental processes that are caused by artificially created and controlled (in the “here and now” conditions or with a delay) or uncontrolled nanostructures that are implanted in the brain, nervous system, and neurohumoral system..
Consequently, this field opens up fundamentally new possibilities for controlling neuropeptide signaling:
a) Control over the release of neuropeptides. As shown in the review Progress in Neurobiology (2026), neuropeptides are released from large dense vesicles, which, unlike synaptic vesicles, cannot be reused and must be replaced with newly synthesized ones. Nanotubes implanted in specific nuclei of the hypothalamus can modulate the electrical activity of neurons, regulating the release of oxytocin, vasopressin, and other neuropeptides.
b) Modulation of peptide signaling cascades. Neuropeptides, by binding to G‑protein‑coupled receptors (GPCRs), trigger intracellular signaling cascades. Nanoparticles functionalized with specific ligands can selectively activate or block these signaling pathways.
c) Stimulation of neuropeptide synthesis and neuroplasticity. Nanointerfaces can stimulate the expression of genes encoding neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors.
3. External nanomanipulation
.This field studies mental processes caused by the influence of systems (devices, chips, nanochips, nanobots, microemitters, microswitches, microcomputers, encoding and decoding microsystems, DNA computers, etc.) created based on advances in nanotechnology. These systems are either integrated into the brain, nervous, and neurohumoral systems, or they act from the outside. In the context of neuropeptide signaling, this field includes:
a) Molecular communication — the use of systems to model and control neurotransmitter signaling, including oxytocin and serotonin. Remote emotional interaction modulates the release of oxytocin, mimicking natural empathy circuits.
b) Control via global networks. One of the key problems in nanopsychology, formulated by Garifullin, is the problem of connecting brain structures and nerves to global networks (such as the Internet) via nanostructures, as well as the problem of controlling the mental processes of individuals with nanochips implanted in their brains through a global radio network.
Earlier, in my programmatic works, I formulated eleven main problems in nanopsychology:
1. The problem of the influence of nanoparticles (nanoblockers, nanoshields, nanochips, and various nanoenergy structures) on mental processes, which includes: the problem of converting the brain’s bioinformation fields using nanoparticles; the problem of studying mental processes induced by the influence of nanoblockers, nanoshields, and nanochips; the problem of controlling the aforementioned processes..
2. The problem of connecting brain structures and nerves to global networks via nanostructures.
3. The problem of controlling the mental processes of individuals with nanomachines implanted in their brains via a global radio network.
4. The problem of using artificial nanostructures as tools for creating new methods and techniques for studying mental processes.
5. The problem of the relationship between artificial nanostructures implanted in the brain and nerves and natural brain nanostructures.
6. The problem of modeling subjective mental reality through the influence of artificial nanostructures.
7. The problem of transforming, predicting, and constructing mental reality
8. The problem of studying the processes occurring in nanoparticle solutions.
9. The problem of nanodeletion of various brain and nerve structures and the effect of nanodeletion on mental processes..
10. The search for triggering natural nanoprocesses and nanorestructuring, and the simulation of these processes using artificial nanostructures..
11. The problem of creating simulators of brain process encoding and mental prosthetics.
Let us attempt to analyze the possibilities of implementing diffuse neuropeptide networks, which are, in essence, networks of nanomolecular machines, in accordance with the points listed above.
Neuropeptide networks represent an ideal target for all three areas of nanopsychology:
For the first area (natural nanostructures), neuropeptides form a “slow” modulatory background against which rapid synaptic processes unfold. Changing the peptide “background” alters the resonant properties of the existom, which manifests itself in a change in mental content. This is consistent with the idea that neuropeptides modulate the excitability of neural populations, influencing the generation of intentional wave flows that resonate with the existom.
For the second area (artificial implanted structures), nanochips and nanobots can precisely regulate the release of neuropeptides from large dense vesicles, modulate peptide signaling cascades via GPCR receptors, and stimulate the synthesis of neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors..
For the third area (external nanomanipulation), molecular communication systems open up the possibility of controlling peptide signaling without direct surgical intervention..
Next, we will consider the specific mechanisms of action.
a) Control of neuropeptide release. The amount of secreted peptide depends on the stimulation pattern, the number of available vesicles, and their precise localization. Nanodevices can mimic physiological patterns, providing the necessary temporal dynamics of release.
b) Modulation of peptide signaling cascades. Nanoparticles can selectively activate or block signaling pathways via GPCR.
c) Nanointerfaces for the exocyst. The introduced nanostructures can modulate the intentional wave flows emitted by the thalamus, hippocampus, and fusiform gyrus, altering the resonant properties of the existom and, consequently, the generation of virtuons — subjective mental contents.
Earlier, in my article on SecurityLab.ru (09.10.2024), I posed a key question: will AI ever be able to predict the structures of brain proteins involved in the interphase‑emergent processes of generating subjective reality?
In the first area (natural nanostructures): AI is used to model natural peptide networks and predict how conformational changes in neuropeptides affect their interaction with GPCRs.
In the second area (artificial implanted structures): AI controls nanomachines in real time, analyzing the current peptide profile and initiating the release of therapeutic peptides.
In the third area (external nanomanipulation): Neuromorphic decoding — the conversion of molecular signals into mental states and back — is the basis for “here and now” control.
Thus, based on the complete synthesis of all three areas of nanopsychology with neuropeptide biology, the following directions are opened up:
1. “Nanomanaged” psychotherapy. Combining psychological intervention with AI‑synchronized activation of neuropeptide systems (oxytocin, vasopressin) to enhance the therapeutic effect.
2. The “thought-protein” interface. Prediction of conformational changes in neuropeptides in response to cognitive stimuli and development of algorithms for decoding mental states based on molecular markers..
3. Personalized neuropeptide therapy. Use of AI predictions to synthesize nanostructures that deliver specific peptides to precisely defined populations of neurons..
4. Mental prosthetics. Creating simulators of brain process encoding: the brain encodes and creates meanings, and artificial nanoprotheses make it possible to observe how mental processes change when encoding systems are implanted.
7. Conclusion
The synthesis of nanopsychology, which I substantiated in my programmatic article “On a Nanotechnological Approach to the Brain” (International Journal of Biomedical Research, 2023, 2(4), Doi:10.31579/2834-8087/025), and modern data on neuropeptide networks represent a complex system in which all three areas of nanopsychology — natural, embedded, and external — find specific application in the management of diffuse neuropeptide networks.
The role of artificial intelligence in this synthesis is key: from predicting peptide structures to modeling diffusion processes and controlling the release of neuromodulators in real time. The main question is whether AI will ever be able to predict the structures of brain proteins involved in the interphase‑emergent processes that shape subjective reality?
Further research should be aimed at integrating transcriptomic, neuroimaging, and behavioral data into unified AI models, which will bring us closer to creating a “digital twin” of neuropeptide regulation of the psyche.
Bibliography
1. Ramil Garifullin. On the nanotechnological approach to studying the brain. International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2023. 2(4): DOI:10.31579/2834-8087/025:
https://clinicsearchonline.org/article/about-the-nanotechnological-approach-to-the-brain
2. Ramil Garifullin. The theory of the brain’s existom as a theory of the generation of subjective reality: a hypothesis of a new biomedical approach to the study of the brain* | “ClinicSearch: Journal of Biomed Research”: https://www.clinicsearch
online.org/article/the-theory-of-the-brains-existom-as-a-theory-of-generating-subjective-reality-a-hypothesis-of-a-new-biomedical-approach-to-the-brain1.
Associate Professor at the Institute of Psychology and Education of the Kazan Federal University, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Ramil Garifullin
